This project involved scientists from India, Pakistan and China working to establish the genetics and biochemistry underlying the biological mechanisms by which the key caterpillar pest of cotton in Asia, cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), resists the insecticide groups which are commonly used against it. Initial development of insecticide/protein conjugate molecules was undertaken to support the development of insecticide quality rapid detection kits in India. The global experience with the efficacy and biological impacts of the use of cotton insecticides was summarised as an aid to pest-management decision-making. Recommendations based on the results of all the activities were then provided for incorporation into field recommendations in China, India and Pakistan through the project collaborators.